Comrade Manto – I

Manto had written about himself in an essay:

He is illiterate, by this token he has never read Marx, no book of Freud has ever passed his eyes. He has only heard the name of Hegel. But the fun was that these people…I mean critics say that he is influenced by all these thinkers.

When Manto translated Victor Hugo into Urdu

Manto laughed at himself and also made fun of others. Once, while conversing with Ali Sardar Jafri, he had said that if a short story written by him manages to pass silently, “I cannot rest unless there be some commotion.” He was called Badnaam Manto (Infamous Manto) because of these commotions. He was described as being intemperate and impertinent too. He relished these titles. But all of these are external forms, the truth within is something else.

In the aforementioned extract about his intellectual influences, whatever he said is one hundred percent inaccurate. He said these things in a satirical style. The truth is that Manto indeed began reading and writing – like many contemporaries – by studying socialism and socialist literature. He was steeped in the work and thought of socialist and revolutionary writers. It is a different matter that in the background, his domestic situation, the strictness of his father, the lack of kindness and love were operating and leading his restless disposition “astray”. His did gravitate towards gambling and alcoholism. At that very turn, he met a communist leader like Bari Alig, who took out the Musavaat paper. He realized Manto’s disposition and state, and not only brought him towards reading and writing but explained the meaning and sense of socialist politics – and gave him socialist literature to read.

Manto’s agitated mind was in search of a path. He was in Amritsar at that time. The devastating tragedy of Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar rode heavily on his senses, at just seven years of age. He used to go to the Bagh and think for hours: “What is this tragedy – why this spectacle?” That is why the first original story from his pen was published with the title, indeed, Tamasha. But before this, the spell of socialist thought and vision had been cast over him under the patronage and guidance of Bari Alig. At the instruction of Bari, Manto translated a novel of Victor Hugo and a drama of Oscar Wilde into Urdu. Many essays, short stories and dramas also appeared in translation in Urdu, with the publication of which Manto was very happy. This was the period when young Manto used to call himself ‘Comrade’; his room or home as Dar ul Ahmar(Red Room). In a corner of the room was a statute of Bhagat Singh. And on the walls, pictures of Marx, Lenin, Gorky, etc.

Brij Premi has written:

During this period, Saadat’s fickle disposition had found a path. The late Bari Alig had refined his loafing frenzy and he had begun to be inclined towards socialism in his company. By his (own) tradition, Manto had named his room as ‘Dar ul Ahmar’, where dreams of revolution were woven. In this room, Bari sahib and his three faithful acolytes Manto, Hasan Abbas and Abu Saeed Qureshi used to think of schemes encompassing the entire world. Bari sahib used to call this group as ‘freethinkers’ and the talk emerging out of his head represented, literally, a school of thought, so he named it as such. Manto’s room appeared to be filled with books by Russian writers. Manto had started writing under the names ‘Comrade’ and ‘Muffakir.’ (Thinker)

This was the time when Manto’s restless and uneasy disposition was being cast in the mould of humanism, patriotism and Progressiveness; and his essays were being published, first in Musavaat and then in Khalq. Both these journals were owned by Bari Alig.

Manto repeatedly acknowledged it:

Bari sahib, socialist writer, our ustad. Thinking was his job. He had us perform many tasks for him and doing translations. For me and Hasan Abbas (friend) these arrangements were interesting and enthusiastic. Whither Moscow and whither Amritsar, but we had found all paths of reaching Moscow and becoming rebels – we had indeed recognized Amritsar as Moscow and wanted to see an exemplary end to the despotic and oppressive rulers in these very lanes.

Humayun Ashraf, who has done some admirable work on Manto in many volumes, writes at one place:

Manto’s friend, the philosopher and leader Bari Alig holds the central position in Manto’s intellectual formation. It was he who put Manto on the path of writing and literary composition. Manto has acknowledged this matter with a pure heart. See: “Today whoever I am, to make it, had I not met him and not spent 3 months continuously in his company, I would definitely have travelled on some other path indeed.”

Manto’s literray journey began through Bari sahib’s patronage and his journals Musavaat and Khalq.

Bari sahib went to Lahore fearing arrest and Manto came to Aligarh for education. In those days, Aligarh was the cradle of higher education, poetry and the Progressive point of view; and many great personalities Majaz, Sardar (Jafri), (Jan Nisar) Akhtar, Jazbi, etc had created a new socialist and revolutionary atmosphere. Manto also felt proud to call himself a revolutionary in those days. When he met Ali Sardar Jafri at Aligarh, he clearly said that he too was a revolutionary. Ali Sardar Jafri has recounted his first meeting with Manto in the following words:

When I came out of the mushaira, a student with extremely intelligent eyes and sickly face took me to his room by saying, “I too am a revolutionary.” A huge picture of Victor Hugo hung in his room and on the table was his own photograph with some of his friends, on the back of which was an extract from Gorky. This was SaadatHasanManto. He gave me Bhagat Singh to read and introduced me to Victor Hugo and Gorky.

Although he could not stay longer in Aligarh, some people say that this was because Manto absolutely hated the strict discipline of the University and according to Jagdish Chander Wadhawan:

He felt suffocated and confined in the environment of Aligarh, and felt alienated fairly soon.

Some people cite his poor health as a reason that the pain in his chest had increased, which it was extremely important to treat immediately. So Manto left Aligarh to come to Delhi for treatment; and it was here that Manto’s connection with both education and Aligarh broke, never to be established formally again.

Now I will mention those few essays of Manto which pertain to socialism. I would even argue that they are a result of the socialist thought of Comrade Manto. And they constitute the foundation for the building of Manto’s thought and art.

This article was first published in The Friday Times, Feb 1, 2019

(to be continued)

Raza Naeem is a Pakistani social scientist, book critic and translator. His translations of Saadat Hasan Manto have been re-translated in both Bengali and Tamil, and he received the Charles Wallace Trust Fellowship in 2014-2015 for his translation and interpretive work on Manto. He is presently working on a book of translations of Manto’s progressive writings, tentatively titled ‘Comrade Manto’. He can be reached at: razanaeem@hotmail.com